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AMERICAN MOBILE RESEARCH, INC. |
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1955 CBS COURT |
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(307) 235-4590 OFFICE |
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CASPER, WYOMING 82604 |
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(307) 265-4489 FAX |
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SULFUR PASSIVATION STUDY ON VARIOUS METAL SAMPLING CYLINDERS |
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| IN
DECEMBER, 2002, AMERICAN MOBILE RSEARCH, INC. CONDUCTED A CONTROLLED |
| STUDY OF THE REACTIVITY OF SEVERAL COMMON
SULFUR SPECIES, FOUND TO EXIST IN |
| NATURAL GAS AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS, TO THE
LINING OF VARIOUS METAL SAMPLING |
| CYLINDERS CURRENTLY USED TO OBTAIN THESE
PRODUCTS. THIS STUDY WAS PERFORMED |
| SO THAT WE COULD BETTER UNDERSTAND THE
REACTIVENESS BETWEEN THE CYLINDERS |
| AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCT SAMPLING AND VARIOUS
SULFUR SPECIES. PASSIVITY IS A PROPERTY |
| SHOWN BY IRON, ALUMINUM, AND RELATED METALS
INVOLVING THE LOSS OF THEIR |
| NORMAL CHEMICAL ACTIVITY WHEN SUBMITTED TO A
CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT. |
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| THE
SCOPE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE HOW EACH SULFUR SPECIES REACTED |
| WITH EACH DIFFERENT TYPE OF METAL CYLINDERS,
OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. EACH OF THESE |
| PRIMARY TYPES OF CYLINDERS WERE USED FOR THIS
STUDY: |
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1) CARBON STEEL |
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2) ALUMINUM |
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3) TEFLON-LINED ALUMINUM |
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4) STAINLESS STEEL |
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5) TREATED STAINLESS STEEL (SULFINERT BRAND) |
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EACH CYLINDER WAS FILLED TO A PRESSURE OF 1000 PSIG WITH AN NBS
TRACEABLE |
| STANDARD GAS CONTAINING APPROXIMATELY 10 PARTS
PER MILLION / VOLUME OF THE |
| FOLLOWING SULFUR COMPOUNDS: |
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SULFUR SPECIES |
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CONCENTRATION |
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HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
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10.1
PPM/VOLUME |
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CARBONYL SULFIDE |
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10.2
PPM/VOLUME |
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METHYL MERCAPTAN |
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10.1
PPM/VOLUME |
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ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
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10.4
PPM/VOLUME |
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2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
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10.9
PPM/VOLUME |
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DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
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10.2
PPM/VOLUME |
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DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
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10.4
PPM/VOLUME |
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| UPON
FILLING THESE CYLINDERS WITH THE SULFUR MIXTURE, ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED |
| ON EACH CONTAINER TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF
PASSIVATION OF EACH SULFUR |
| SPECIES, VERSUS THE AMOUNT OF TIME THE STANDARD
GAS WAS IN EACH CYLINDER. |
| THE ANALYSIS OF THESE SULFUR COMPOUNDS WERE
PERFORMED ON A SIEVERS MODEL 355 |
| SULFUR CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTOR
CHROMATOGRAPH* AT INTERVAL OF 1 HOUR, |
| 2 HOURS, 24 HOURS AND 72 HOURS AFTER SUBMITTING
THE SULFUR STANDARD GAS INTO |
| EACH TYPE OF
CYLINDER. |
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| THE
RESULTS OF EACH CYLINDER ANALYSIS WERE CALIBRATED AND COMPARED TO |
| TWO PRIMARY NBTS SULFUR STANDARDS, PRODUCED BY
DCG PARTNERSHIP, LTD. |
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| THE RESULTS OF EACH CYLINDER TESTED ARE
OUTLINED BELOW: |
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TYPE OF CYLINDER.................... |
STAINLESS STEEL (304) |
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SAMPLE TIME IN CYLINDER |
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| SULFUR COMPOUND |
1 HOUR |
% LOSS |
24 HOURS |
% LOSS |
72 HOURS |
% LOSS |
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| HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
0.030 PPM |
99.70% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| CARBONYL SULFIDE |
10.175 PPM |
0.25% |
9.913 PPM |
2.81% |
9.841 PPM |
3.52% |
| METHYL MERCAPTAN |
1.550 PPM |
84.65% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
2.593 PPM |
75.07% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| 2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
2.425 PPM |
77.75% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
10.200 PPM |
0.00% |
9.907 PPM |
2.87% |
9.640 PPM |
5.49% |
| DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
10.306 PPM |
0.91% |
9.758 PPM |
6.17% |
9.447 PPM |
9.16% |
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TYPE OF CYLINDER.................... |
ALUMINUM |
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SAMPLE TIME IN CYLINDER |
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| SULFUR COMPOUND |
1 HOUR |
% LOSS |
24 HOURS |
% LOSS |
72 HOURS |
% LOSS |
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| HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
2.806 PPM |
72.22% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| CARBONYL SULFIDE |
9.991 PPM |
2.05% |
9.163 PPM |
10.17% |
8.734 PPM |
14.37% |
| METHYL MERCAPTAN |
2.052 PPM |
79.68% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
0.363 PPM |
96.51% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| 2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
0.092 PPM |
99.16% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
10.030 PPM |
1.67% |
9.571 PPM |
6.17% |
8.420 PPM |
17.45% |
| DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
10.264 PPM |
1.31% |
9.790 PPM |
5.87% |
8.837 PPM |
15.03% |
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TYPE OF CYLINDER.................... |
CARBON STEEL |
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SAMPLE TIME IN CYLINDER |
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| SULFUR COMPOUND |
1 HOUR |
% LOSS |
24 HOURS |
% LOSS |
72 HOURS |
% LOSS |
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| HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| CARBONYL SULFIDE |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| METHYL MERCAPTAN |
3.018 PPM |
70.12% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
5.249 PPM |
49.53% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| 2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
4.826 PPM |
55.73% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
8.154 PPM |
20.06% |
0.916 PPM |
91.02% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
| DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
7.593 PPM |
26.99% |
2.530 PPM |
75.67% |
< 0.010 PPM |
100.00% |
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TYPE OF CYLINDER.................... |
TEFLON-LINED ALUMINUM |
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SAMPLE TIME IN CYLINDER |
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| SULFUR COMPOUND |
1 HOUR |
% LOSS |
24 HOURS |
% LOSS |
72 HOURS |
% LOSS |
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| HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
10.086 PPM |
0.14% |
10.047 PPM |
0.53% |
10.022 PPM |
0.77% |
| CARBONYL SULFIDE |
10.169 PPM |
0.30% |
10.118 PPM |
0.80% |
10.102 PPM |
0.96% |
| METHYL MERCAPTAN |
10.020 PPM |
0.79% |
10.009 PPM |
0.90% |
9.976 PPM |
1.23% |
| ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
10.355 PPM |
0.43% |
10.282 PPM |
1.14% |
10.091 PPM |
2.97% |
| 2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
10.872 PPM |
0.26% |
10.790 PPM |
1.01% |
10.503 PPM |
3.64% |
| DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
10.147 PPM |
0.52% |
10.056 PPM |
1.44% |
9.981 PPM |
2.15% |
| DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
10.294 PPM |
1.02% |
10.173 PPM |
2.18% |
10.009 PPM |
3.76% |
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TYPE OF CYLINDER.................... |
TREATED STAINLESS STEEL |
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SAMPLE TIME IN CYLINDER |
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| SULFUR COMPOUND |
1 HOUR |
% LOSS |
24 HOURS |
% LOSS |
72 HOURS |
% LOSS |
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| HYDROGEN SULFIDE |
10.097 PPM |
0.030% |
10.090 PPM |
0.100% |
10.086 PPM |
0.14% |
| CARBONYL SULFIDE |
10.198 PPM |
0.020% |
10.196 PPM |
0.040% |
10.192 PPM |
0.08% |
| METHYL MERCAPTAN |
10.088 PPM |
0.120% |
10.079 PPM |
0.210% |
10.076 PPM |
0.24% |
| ETHYL MERCAPTAN |
10.391 PPM |
0.090% |
10.298 PPM |
0.980% |
10.275 PPM |
1.20% |
| 2-PROPYL MERCAPTAN |
10.885 PPM |
0.140% |
10.878 PPM |
0.210% |
10.837 PPM |
0.58% |
| DIMETHYL SULFIDE |
10.200 PPM |
0.000% |
10.192 PPM |
0.080% |
10.141 PPM |
0.58% |
| DIMETHYL DISULFIDE |
10.399 PPM |
0.010% |
10.390 PPM |
0.100% |
10.368 PPM |
0.31% |
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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS |
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PRIOR TO SAMPLING A GAS OR LIQUID HYDROCARBON, WHETHER FOR TREATER
DESIGN |
| OR ABSORBER ANALYSIS, THE ANALYST SHOULD HAVE
SOME UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT |
| SULFUR COMPOUNDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THE SOURCE
TO BE SAMPLED. THE RATE OF |
| PASSIVIATION, OR % LOSS AS EXPRESSED IN THE
ABOVE REPORT, SHOWS HYDROGEN |
| SULFIDE IS MOST REACTIVE WITH CARBON, STAINLESS
AND ALUMINUM. WITHIN 1 HOUR OF |
| STARTING THE STUDY, MOST OF THE HYDROGEN
SULFIDE WAS PASSIVATED IN CARBON STEEL |
| AND STAINLESS STEEL. ALUMINUM LOST OVER 70% OF THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE THROUGH |
| PASSIVATION WITHIN 2 HOURS. ONLY TEFLON-LINED
ALUMINUM AND TREATED STAINLESS |
| HELD THEIR HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS
BEYOND 72 HOURS. BOTH SHOWED LOSSES |
| OF LESS THAN 1% H2S AT THE 72 HOUR TEST PERIOD. |
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BOTH, TEFLON LINED AND TREATED STAINLESS SHOWED THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
ABSORPTION |
| OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUNDS DURING THIS TEST
PERIOD. REGULAR STAINLESS, ALUMINUM |
| AND CARBON TYPE CYLINDERS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT
LOSS OF VOLATILE SULFURS WITHIN HOURS |
| OF FILLING THEM. THIS STUDY WAS PRODUCED TO
ASSIST ANALYST IN THE DECISION OF WHICH |
| CYLINDERS PROVIDE THE BEST DEFENSE AGAINST
SAMPLE PASSIVATION. |
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SHOULD BE NOTED THAT LABORATORIES USING THE TEFLON-LINED AND TREATED |
| STAINLESS SAMPLE CYLINDERS SHOULD PERFORM
REGULAR PASSIVATION TESTING OF THEIR |
| CYLINDERS TO ASSURE THEMSELVES THAT THE
CYLINDER WILL CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN |
| A MINIMAL PASSIVATION OF SULFURS. TESTING
PERFORMED ON PURCHASED CYLINDERS HAVE |
| SHOWN FAILURES, OR SULFUR PASSIVATION, EVEN
THOUGH THEY ARE NEW. ROUTINE TESTING |
| AND DOCUMENTATION OF CYLINDERS USED FOR SULFUR
SAMPLING SHOULD BE MAINTAINED |
| TO DEVELOP A HISTORY ON THE CYLINDERS USEAGE
AND TO CONFIRM THE CYLINDERS |
| ABILITY TO PREVENT PASSIVATION. ALL SAMPLE CYLINDERS, INCLUDING NEW ONES,
SHOULD |
| BE TESTED REGULARLY. |
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ALSO, SAMPLES TAKEN IN THESE CYLINDERS SHOULD BE ANALYZED AS QUICKLY
AS POSSIBLE |
| TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF PASSIVATION. SAMPLES
WHICH REQUIRE TRANSPORTATION TO A |
| LABORATORY FOR TESTING SHOULD BE SENT BY THE
FASTEST METHOD AVAILABLE. TESTING |
| LABS CAN NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR SAMPLE
DEGRADATION WITHIN A CYLINDER. AS THIS |
| STUDY SHOWS, SAMPLES REQUIRING MORE THAN 72
HOURS TO SHIP AND ANALYZE WILL RISK |
| AN INCREASED CHANCE FOR SULFUR PASSIVATION TO
OCCUR. TESTING LABS CAN ONLY REPORT |
| ACCURATE NUMBERS IF THEY RECEIVE THE SAMPLES
WITHIN A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME |
| AFTER SAMPLING. |
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BEFORE SAMPLING, CONSULT YOUR LABORATORY TO DETERMINE WHICH SULFUR
COMPOUNDS |
| MIGHT BE PRESENT IN THE TYPE OF GAS YOU ARE
SAMPLING. THEN, CHOOSE THE PROPER METAL |
| TYPE CYLINDER TO STORE THE SAMPLE UNTIL TESTING
CAN BE PERFORMED. |
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AMERICAN MOBILE RESEARCH, INC. MAINTAINS A LARGE STOCK OF ALUMINUM,
STAINLESS, |
| AND TEFLON LINED ALUMINUM CYLINDERS FOR YOUR
SAMPLING NEEDS. CONTACT OUR |
| LABORATORY, AT 307-235-4590, TO REQUEST THESE
CYLINDERS FOR YOUR NEXT SAMPLING |
| PROJECT. |
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